What is bone grafting?

Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that involves using transplanted bone to repair and reconstruct diseased or damaged bones. This procedure can be used to repair bones throughout the body, with bone often sourced from areas like the hips, legs, or ribs of the patient. Alternatively, bone tissue donated from cadavers may also be used for bone grafting.

The majority of our skeletal structure is made up of bone matrix, which provides strength to the bones. Within this matrix are living bone cells responsible for creating and maintaining the bone structure. These cells play a crucial role in bone repair and healing.

When a bone is fractured, the healing process begins naturally. However, in cases where there is extensive bone loss, such as when a large portion of the bone breaks away, a bone graft may be necessary for complete healing.

During a bone graft procedure, a new piece of bone is inserted into the area where healing or fusion is required. The cells within the new bone integrate with the existing bone, facilitating healing.

Bone grafting is often performed in conjunction with other medical procedures. For instance, in the case of a severe thighbone fracture, a bone graft may be part of the necessary repairs. This could involve taking a small piece of bone from the hip and using it for the graft.

In some instances, synthetic materials may be used instead of natural bone, although this is not considered a traditional bone graft. General anesthesia is typically administered for the procedure to ensure patient comfort.

Why might I need bone grafting?

Bone grafting may be necessary to facilitate bone healing and growth for various medical reasons. Specific conditions that may require a bone graft include:

• A fracture that your healthcare provider believes will not heal properly without a graft.
• A previously untreated fracture that did not heal well.
• Bone diseases like osteonecrosis or cancer.
• Spinal fusion surgery for an unstable spine.
• Dental implant surgery for replacing missing teeth.
• Surgically implanted devices such as in total knee replacement to stimulate bone growth around the structure.

These bone grafts serve as a scaffold for new bone growth. While hips, knees, and spine are common sites for bone grafting, it may be required for other bones in the body as well.

Discuss with your healthcare provider whether to use donor bone or bone from your body. Using your own bone may involve additional surgery to harvest the bone, while using donated bone eliminates this need but comes with minor risks. Your healthcare provider can help determine the best option for you.